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Index
Abbott, Grace, 76
abdominal supports, 119–28, 173. See also back braces; corsets; girdles
abdominal surgery, 114, 121, 294n77
ableness and ableism: class and classism intersectionality with, 8; eugenics and, 7; in evolutionary science, 22–23; fitness and physical education prejudices of, 35–36, 61, 146–48, 154, 156, 159, 163, 171, 196–97, 215–17, 220–21, 306nn38–39; gender and sexism intersectionality with, 8, 44–45; geopolitics of posture and, 7–8, 171; “good” posture standards in relation to, 51; posture assessments and, 6–7, 12, 51, 166–67, 196–97, 205, 215–22; posture commercialization and, 86–87, 96, 104–6, 112, 114, 298n17; posture photography reflecting, 12, 220, 222; in posture science, 5, 17–18, 35–36; race and racism intersectionality with, 8; research ethics and, 326n73
Aborn, Frank P., 97
ACA (American Chiropractic Association), 130–31, 157–59
Adams, Zabdiel Boylston, 96–97, 102, 298n10
Advertising Council, 170
African Americans. See Black people
Afro-American, 153, 154, 192
Ainsworth, Dorothy, 177–82, 187
Albert, Mildred L., 190
Alexander, F. Matthias, 48, 130, 140–41
Alexander, Jennifer, 95
Allen, Maryrose Reeves, 152–53, 189–91, 193, 208
AMA (American Medical Association), 118, 125, 133, 155, 165
American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 166
American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education (later American Physical Education Association), 131–33, 154–55
American Chiropractic Association (ACA), 130–31, 157–59
American Federation for the Physically Handicapped, 218
American Indians. See indigenous people
American Medical Association (AMA), 118, 125, 133, 155, 165
American Orthopedic Association, 147, 217
American Posture League (APL): disbanding of, 9, 161; fitness and exercise stance of, 129; founding of, 4, 46–47, 65; gender equity goals of, 50; “good” posture standards of, 46–47, 50, 52–53, 55, 69, 71–72; Harvard Slouch posters of, 71; posture commercialization support by, 82, 83–84, 90–92, 96–97, 102, 104, 110–12, 115–16, 118–19; posture-health connection tenets of, 4–5; posture pageant involvement of, 149, 154; posture pins of, 52, 53; postwar posture campaign support by, 78; research sharing and promotion by, 9; schematograph endorsed by, 69
American Seating Company, 93, 300n43
Anatomical Studies for Physicians and Surgeons (Jones), 123
Anderson, Ann M. C., 206
Anderson, Robert, 266
Angier Chemical Company, 201
animals (nonhuman): ableist depiction of humans as, 8; evolution of humans from, 3, 15–16, 19–29, 33–35 (see also evolutionary science); fitness and exercise to mimic, 35–36, 140, 145, 286n71; poor posture epidemic human comparisons to, 33–36, 40; racist depiction of humans as, 18, 22–23, 265; reproduction among, 30–31
antibiotics, 4, 11, 161, 164, 218
Antioch College/Antioch Shoe, 107–9, 302n70
APL. See American Posture League
Appeal, 151
Armour, Philip, 163
Aronowitz, Robert, 258
Arons, Elissa L. B., 206, 211
Atlas, Charles, 130, 134
Atlas of Men (Sheldon), 184, 244
Atlas of Women (Sheldon), 244
Atwell, Ruth A., 213–14
back braces, 112, 173, 217, 219, 221, 234
back curvature. See scoliosis
back or spinal competitions, 157–59
back pain: back braces and trusses for, 112, 173; evolutionary science and, 168, 258, 265; fitness and exercise to improve, 173, 258, 262–63; footwear and, 107; geopolitics of posture and, 162–73, 309n6; Kennedy’s, 162–63, 170–71, 172–73, 309n6; posture assessments on, 46, 162–63, 167–69; posture commercialization and, 107, 112, 262–63; posture photography informing research on, 229–30, 234–35; prevalence of, 13, 257–60, 265–66; prevention and mitigation of, 162–69, 173, 258, 260, 262–63, 267
Bailey, Bernicestine McLeod, 207, 318n39
Bailey, Beth, 214
Baker, Frank, 285–86n64
Baker, Josephine, 60
Balachine, George, 141
Bancroft, Jessie: fitness and physical education focus of, 134–35, 146, 150; poor posture epidemic influence of, 46–52, 54–56, 58–66, 69–70, 72–73, 292n54; posture commercialization role of, 96, 110, 111, 115–16
Baruch, Bernard, 165
Baruch, Simon, 165
Beattie, Barbara, 39, 155
Beauty Myth, The (Wolf), 238, 241
beauty pageants, 148–57, 191, 223
beauty standards and ideals, 58, 158, 187–93, 208–9, 223–24, 238, 240–41
Bellafaire, Judith A., 175
Bell Curve, The (Herrnstein and Murray), 242–43
Bell Jar, The (Plath), 200
Belmont Report (1978), 230
belts, abdominal, 111–12, 114, 121
Bender, Daniel E., 51
Bennett, Henry Eastman, 300n43
biotyping, 182–84, 227, 244–46, 249
bipedalism: footwear and, 95–96; human attributes and values associated with, 2–3, 7; posture science and, 3, 11, 15–17, 19–20, 24–29, 31, 33–36, 259
Black people: bell curve debate on, 242; double consciousness of, 138; female beauty and respectability among, 188–93, 208–9, 316nn97–98; fitness and physical education among, 40, 52–53, 76, 138, 151–54, 156, 185–86, 188–93; geopolitics of posture and, 184–86, 188–93, 314n73, 316nn97–98; military service of, 6, 160; pain management for, 266; posture assessments of, 6, 75–76, 207, 208–9, 224–25; posture campaigns targeting, 265; posture commercialization to, 118–19; in posture pageants and contests, 151–54, 156, 158, 159; posture photographs of, 207, 208–9, 255–56; posture science for, 18, 39–40, 41; primitivism ideals of, 39–40; research ethics on syphilis among, 230, 256, 322n9; strength and posture of, 184–86, 314n73. See also race and racism
blood transfusions, 161, 164
Blume, Judy, 235
Bock, Carl, 22
Body Mechanics in the Study and Treatment of Disease (Brown), 162
Boname, Mary Evans, 199
Bond, Laura, 218
Boot and Shoe Recorder, 96, 98, 105
Bortree Corset Company, 119
Bourne, Randolph, 8
Bowler, Peter, 19, 30
Boyle, Robert, 169
Boy Scouts of America, 35
Brackett, Elliott G., 65, 72, 96–97, 102
Bradford, Edward H., 86
Brandeis, Louis, 200–201
Brannock device, 96
brassieres, 113
Brock, Dorothye E., 148
Brody, Jane, 13, 225, 254
Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, 92–93
Brown, Charlotte Hawkins, 192
Brown, Helen Gurley, 224
Brown, Lloyd T., 70–72, 76, 77, 90, 92, 162–63
Brown Shoe Company, 105, 106, 111
Bukh, Niels, 180–81, 313n54
Bureau of Child Hygiene, New York, 60
Bureau of Women in Industry, New York, 89
Bush, George H. W., 1, 243
Buster Brown comic strip, 111
Buster Brown shoes, 105, 106
Cahn, Susan K., 193
Camco corset, 119–22
Camp, Samuel H., 119, 121, 123–25, 128
Camp Company/Camp Corset Company, 119–28
Camper, Petrus, 58
Camp Institute for Better Posture, 125
Camp National Posture Week, 124–28
Canaday, Katherine O’Bryan, 233–34
Cannon, Walter, 138
Care and Feeding of Children, The (Holt), 164
Carnett, John, 45, 77
Cavett, Dick, 237–41
Centron Corporation, 143
Channing, Walter, 133
Charm by Choice (Wadsworth), 155
charm schools, 191–92, 315–16nn96–97
Chicago Defender, 39, 76, 151, 153, 154, 224
children and youth: fitness and exercise for, 36, 48–49, 129–59, 161, 169, 170–73, 286n71 (see also physical education); indigenous, in boarding schools, 18, 49, 52; laboring, 54–57, 106, 292n48; national posture standards for, 65–72; posture commercialization targeting, 82, 85–86, 90, 93, 95, 102, 104–7, 110–11, 116; postwar posture campaign for, 73–78; schools for (see schools); vertical line test for, 59–65, 66
Children’s Bureau, U.S., 76–77
China Press (Ta-lu pao), 151
Chrisman, O. Donald, 236
Christianity: bipedalism and divinity links in, 2–3; muscular, 35, 129
Churchill and Alden, 102, 104
citizenship, and posture, 44, 49, 131, 152, 159
civilized society: bipedalism leading to, 15; fitness and posture training to counter effects of, 140–41, 180; geopolitics of posture and, 171, 180; health issues tied to, 259–62, 265; poor posture epidemic blamed on, 3–4, 9, 17, 18, 31–32, 37–38, 41, 52; posture commercialization and, 83, 98; primitivism to counter effects of, 12–13, 38–40, 52, 260–61, 265; race and racism tied to, 37–38; seating systems and sitting postures in, 4, 83
class and classism: ableness and ableism intersectionality with, 8; debutante slouch reflecting, 50–51, 68–69, 82, 150; fitness and exercise prejudices of, 54–55, 129–30, 141; “good” posture standards in relation to, 50–52, 54–56; in health and wellness, 266–67; posture assessments and, 51; posture commercialization reflecting, 108, 109–11; posture photography scientific merit and, 242, 246; race and racism intersectionality with, 8, 40, 56
Clevenger, Shobal V., 17, 30–32, 33
clothing: civilization change in, 38; footwear as, 82, 93, 95–108, 109, 258, 302n70; garment industry making, 6, 74, 81–82, 88–92, 94, 295n97; gender and sexism related to, 68–69, 82, 97–99, 101–2, 104–28, 177; male heterosexuality and, 182; sports coats as, 108–11; standardized sizing for, 188; undergarments as, 54, 82, 111–28, 177 (see also corsets)
